Rusia: Administrar una empresa

Legal Forms of Companies | The Active Population in Figures | Working Conditions | The Cost of Labor | Management of Human Resources

Legal Forms of Companies

Types of Companies and Capital (Max/Min)	Number of Partners/Shareholders and Liability
Open Joint Stock Company (AO) 100,000 RUR	No minimum. Liability is limited to the amount of capital invested.
Closed Joint Stock Company (AOZT) 10,000 RUR	No minimum Maximum: 50 Liability is limited to the amount of capital invested.
Limited Liability Company 10,000 RUR	No minimum. Liability is limited to the amount of capital invested.
Limited Partnership 10,000 RUR	No minimum. At least one person has unlimited liability and the others have limited liability.
Full Partnership No minimum capital.	No minimum. Liability is unlimited.

Enterprises Federation: Russian union of industrialists and businessmen
Search a Company or a Financial Report: Rustocks

Business Setup Procedures

Setting Up a Company	Russia	Eastern Europe & Central Asia
Procedures (number)	9.00	6.30
Time (days)	30.00	16.30

Source: Doing Business.

For Further Information: Consult Doing Business Website, to know about procedures to start a Business in Russia.
Registration Chamber
The Competent Organization: The local tax office.

Recovery Procedures

Principle: Russian law provides for 4 types of procedure in case of insolvency: observation, rehabilitation under the authority of a receiver, appointment of an outside manager then compulsory liquidation. At each step, an amicable agreement may be reached.
Cases are judged by arbitration tribunals. After the verdict, the creditor must wait a month before being able to recover his debts. At the end, he can demand the execution of the sentence and appeal to a bailiff. If the bailiff cannot manage to get all the debt together within 30 days, the creditor can ask the Arbitration Tribunal to start an insolvency procedure.
Many informal methods are also used (negotiations, visits, appeals to private companies or corporative associations), but they often have no result..
Minimum Debt-to-Capital Ratio Triggering Liquidation: None
Bankruptcy Laws: Consult the analysis of the law On insolvency (bankruptcy) of 26 October 2002 by Standard&Poor's.
Reorganization and Rehabilitation Laws: The law "On insolvency (bankruptcy)" also covers these procedures.

The Active Population in Figures

	2010
Labor Force	75,550,000

Source: CIA - The world factbook

	2009	2010
Total activity rate	-	62.80%
Men activity rate	69.20%	-
Women activity rate	57.50%	-

Source: UN - United Nations

Employed Persons, by Occupation (% of Total Labor Force)	2006
Agriculture, hunting and forestry	10.6%
Fishing and fish farming	0.2%
Mining sector	1.5%
Manufacturing industry	16.8%
Distribution of electricity, water and natural gas	2.9%
Construction	7.6%
Commerce	16.6%
Hotels and catering	1.8%
Transport and communications	8.0%
Financial intermediation	1.4%
Real estate	7.4%
Public administrations	5.3%
Education	9.0%
Health and social services	6.9%
Other activities	3.7%

Source: Federal Statistics Service

For Further Statistics: World Bank
Russian census 2002
Regional statistics (in Russian)
Federal education portal
For Further Information About the Labor Market: ILO, International Labour Organization
Russian union of industrialists and businessmen

Working Conditions

Opening Hours
Legal Weekly Duration: 40 hours
Maximum Duration: 54 hours a week (not more than 4 hours overtime over 2 consecutive days).
Overtime may not be more than 120 hours a year.
Night Hours: From 10pm to 6am.
For night work, the legal duration of working time is reduced by 1 hour.

Working Rest Day: Work is usually not allowed over week-ends or on public holidays.
In a certain number of cases, it is nevertheless permitted with the written agreement of the employee.
Paid Annual Vacation: 28 days per year
Retirement Age: .Retirement is possible from age 55 for women and age 60 for men (after 5 years' contributions in the private sector and 15 in the public sector).
Child Labor and Minimum Age For Employment: Employing people under 15 is prohibited.
People under 18 can only be employed for a limited list of jobs. In addition, it is forbidden to make them work at night, at the week-end or make them do overtime.
Informal Labor Market: Between 10 and 15% of the working population. This rate is tending to drop due to economic growth and the reduction in taxes.
.A large number have formal employment but carry out some form of trade.

The Cost of Labor

Pay

Minimum Wage: At the federal level, 2,000 RUR per week. The regions can also set their minimum wage.
Average Wage: Average monthly gross earnings in Russia is RUB 16,447 (USD 528).
Other Forms of Pay
Pay For Overtime: +50% for the first 2 hours, then +100%
Pay For Rest Days Worked: +100%
Pay For Night Hours: No legal provision.
Pay For Overtime at Night: As for overtime.

Social Security Costs

The Areas Covered: Retirement, health insurance and disability benefit, family allowances.
Contributions: Contributions Paid By the Employer: 26% (unified social tax) but the rate is regressive.
Contributions Paid By the Employee: No contributions.
Competent Organization: Federal Tax Service
Social Security Fund

Management of Human Resources

Recruitment

Method of Recruitment: The most common method of recruitment is still by word of mouth.
There are many Internet sites for advertisements, and this is an efficient way of recruiting.
Moreover, more and more companies are resorting to recruitment agencies. An interview takes place before hiring.
Recruitment Agencies: Regional or national head-hunters who generally contact candidates directly.
The market is in full expansion.There are more than a hundred agencies in Moscow, most of them Russian, but the large international agencies are also present such as Adecco, Alexander Hughes, Arthur Hunt, Brainpower and Amrop Hever. Click here to see a list of recruitment agencies.
Recruitment Websites: Tip Top Job International
The Moscow Times Career Center
Expat.ru

The Contract

Type of Contract: A work contract is governed by legal provisions and to a lesser extent by collective agreements and individual negotiation.
Contracts can be permanent or fixed-term. The use of a fixed-term contract must be justified.

Breach of Contracts
Retirement: It can take several forms: "normal" retirement, for personal reasons, an agreement with the employer, voluntary early retirement, etc.
Dismissals: Only allowed in a limited number of cases: liquidation of the company, down-sizing, serious professional misconduct, inadequacy for the work required.
Other Possible Methods: Mutual agreement, at the employee's initiative, the employee's refusal to continue to work when working conditions have changed.
Labor Laws: Synthesis of labor legislation in Russia
Different laws

Dispute Settlement

Conciliation Process

Cases of Dispute: Most disputes are the result of challenging a dismissal or disciplinary measure, but collective disputes are on the rise.
Legal Framework: Procedures are different according to whether the case concerns one person or if it is collective. If the case only concerns one person, a distinction is made between disputes over the application of existing working conditions and those concerning new working conditions. Within the framework of collective disputes, arbitration is obligatory.
The 2 parties first set up an arbitration committee with equal representation whose decisions are binding.
If arbitration fails, the parties can appoint a mediator, who may be recommended by the Service for the Settling of Collective Labor Disputes.
In case of failure, the decision will fall to an ad hoc arbitration committee created by the parties and the above-mentioned service. The composition, procedures and powers of this committee are set by common agreement.
Procedure: Labor Code of the Russian Federation

Judicial Structures

Legal Framework: Labor Code of the Russian Federation
Competent Legal Body: Individual disputes are usually dealt with by the Dispute Settlement Committee, an equal representation body inside the company.The worker can appeal the decision of this Committee or in some instances take the case directly to a civil tribunal.

Social Partners

Social Dialogue and Involvement of Social Partners: The scope of the unions is seriously limited by government policy and the position of strength of the Federation of Russian independent unions (FSIR), which is close to the government and prevents other unions from developing freely.
In addition, the new law on NGOs also applies to unions and limits their activity considerably.
Unionization Rate: 46% according to the FSIR (of which 95% are members of this). The trend is towards a drop.
Unions: Federation of Russian independent unions
Regulation Bodies: Federal migrations Service (in Russian)
Ministry of Health and Social Development, Employment and Social Relations Service

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